These eight items practise the four skills of the rumusan section. Write your answer first, then open the answer block.
The passages are short, so you spend your time on the method.
Items 1 to 3: find the focus
1. Soalan: “Nyatakan langkah yang diambil oleh kampung itu.” Which word is the focus, and which limit is attached to it?
Answer
The focus word is “langkah”. The limit is “diambil oleh kampung itu”, so steps taken by other parties, such as the government, do not belong.
2. Passage: “Sungai itu tercemar kerana kilang membuang sisa. Akibatnya, ikan mati dan penduduk kehilangan sumber makanan. Penduduk kini menanam pokok di tebing.”
Label each sentence S (sebab), K (kesan) or L (langkah).
Answer
Sentence 1 is S. Sentence 2 is K, signalled by “akibatnya”. Sentence 3 is L. If the question asks for kesan, only sentence 2 is a candidate, with two points: ikan mati and penduduk kehilangan sumber makanan.
3. The question asks for “kesan negatif”. The passage says: “Pelancong menambah pendapatan peniaga. Namun, jalan menjadi sesak dan harga rumah meningkat.” Which points are valid?
Answer
Jalan sesak and harga rumah meningkat. The first sentence is a positive effect, so the word “negatif” in the question excludes it.
Items 4 to 5: select without repeating
4. Focus: sebab. Candidates:
(a) Murid malu bertanya. (b) Murid takut ditertawakan. (c) Guru jarang memberi masa berfikir. (d) Masa soal jawab sangat singkat.
Choose the distinct points.
Answer
(a) and (b) express the same reluctance to ask, so keep one. (c) and (d) both describe too little time to think, so keep one. There are two distinct points: murid malu bertanya, and masa berfikir tidak cukup.
5. A passage gives an example: “Contohnya, pelajar di Kuantan membawa bekas makanan sendiri.” The main point is that pelajar mengurangkan sampah plastik. Do you include the example?
Answer
No, unless the question asks for examples. The example shows the point. It does not add a new idea, so including it would repeat the point.
Items 6 to 8: write complete sentences
6. Fix this fragment: “Kerana cuaca panas.”
Answer
A complete sentence: “Pelajar berasa letih kerana cuaca yang panas.” The fragment had no subject and no main verb. It gave a reason but not the result that the reason explains.
7. Join the points into one sentence: pelajar membuat jadual; masa belajar teratur.
Answer
“Pelajar membuat jadual supaya masa belajar mereka teratur.” The word “supaya” shows purpose, so it links the two ideas more clearly than two separate lines.
8. Write a three-sentence rumusan with the focus “kesan”, from these points: udara tercemar; penduduk batuk; hospital sesak.
Answer
A model answer: “Udara yang tercemar menyebabkan penduduk batuk. Keadaan ini menyebabkan hospital sesak dengan pesakit. Oleh itu, pencemaran udara menjejaskan kesihatan masyarakat.”
Sentence 3 sums up the points. Keep a closing sentence like this only if it adds no new fact beyond the passage, and check that each sentence makes sense alone.
If you got these wrong
- Items 1 to 3: revisit finding the focus of a rumusan.
- Items 4 and 5: revisit selecting points without repeating.
- Items 6 to 8: revisit combining points in complete sentences.
For harder mixed items, go on to rumusan decisions with competing evidence. To practise on the screen, try the BM rumusan focus and selection practice tool.
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